18, 27 The overall objective was to reduce coronavirus transmission in order to flatten the epidemic curve. 6, 24–26 Policy measures were taken to protect economies, targeting both people and businesses, protecting both employment and the continuation of necessary economic activities. Socio-economic policies aimed to reduce economic losses due to the halting of productive activities. 22, 23 Alfano and Ercolano 1 distinguished two principal types of policies: health policies aimed at strengthening hospital capacity, and policies, such as lockdown and social distancing measures, aimed at reducing viral transmission. 20 Although the approaches taken by national governments worldwide have varied widely, 21 the measures adopted can be classified into five categories: movement restrictions, social distancing, lockdowns, public health measures, and social and economic measures. Plans typically combine public health policies with mobility restrictions. 19 Countries are implementing different combinations of various measures, with varying levels of stringency. 18 Governments intend to reduce the number of new infections and associated mortality, while also mitigating the potentially disastrous impact on the national health systems.

15–17 In response, governments have enacted several economic and social measures and public health interventions. 8 The accelerating spread and the outcomes of the disease around the world have led people to panic, fear and anxiety. 13, 14 The daily increasing numbers of infections and deaths have led to quarantines, worldwide lockdowns, and other restrictions. Thus, some countries, including China, launched suppression strategies. 12 However, case numbers skyrocketed, showing that it was no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease. 8, 9 In the early stages of the outbreak, many governments tried containment strategies, 10, 11 while the United Nations (UN) launched the Global Humanitarian Response Plan for the coronavirus pandemic. 5–7 Approximately 214 countries reported the number of confirmed coronavirus cases within a few weeks. The disease has culminated into larger chains of spread, resulting in widespread transmittal across the globe, affecting all continents. 1–4 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that COVID-19 had advanced into a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that began in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread quickly over the entire world.

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